Selected
Publications
Books and Edited Works:
o International Journal of
Artificial Intelligence in Education, Special Issue on AIED
applications for ill-defined domains. Pinkwart, N., Lynch, C., Ashley,
K. D., & Aleven, V. (Eds.) vol. 19, No. 3 & 4
(2010).
o Journal
of Artificial Intelligence and Law, Special Issue on e-Discovery. Ashley, K., Baron, J., and
Conrad, J. (Eds.) vol. 18, No. 3 (2010).
o Proceedings
of the Workshop on Computer-Supported Peer Review in Education (CSPRED-2010) at
the Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Goldin, I., Brusilovsky,
P., Schunn, C., Ashley, K., Hsiao, I-H. (Eds.)
(2010). Pittsburgh, PA. http://www.cspred.org/proceedings
o Proceedings
of the Workshop on Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Ill-Defined Domains at the
10th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). C. Lynch, K. Ashley, A. Mitrovic, V. Dimitrova, N. Pinkwart, V. Aleven, eds. (2010).
Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
o Proceedings
of the Workshop on Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Ill-Defined Domains at the
9th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Aleven,
V., Ashley, K., Lynch, C., & Pinkwart, N. (Eds.)
(2008).
o Proceedings
of the Workshop on AIED Applications for Ill-Defined Domains at the 13th
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. Aleven,
V., Ashley, K., Lynch, C., & Pinkwart, N. (Eds.)
(2007).
o Intelligent
Tutoring Systems,
Ashley, K.D., Ikeda, M. & Chan, T-W. 8th International
Conference, ITS 2006.
o Proceedings
of the Workshop on Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Ill-Defined Domains at the
8th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Aleven,
V., Ashley, K., Lynch, C., & Pinkwart, N. (Eds.)
(2006). Jhongli (
o Case-Based Reasoning Research
and Development,
Ashley, K.D. & Bridge, D.G. (Eds.) (2003) 5th International
Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2003,
o
Modeling
Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals. Ashley, K.D., (1990). The MIT
Press / Bradford Books,
o
o “Emerging AI & Law
approaches to automating analysis and retrieval of electronically stored
information in discovery proceedings” Ashley, K. and Bridewell,
W. (2010) in Journal of Artificial
Intelligence and Law, Special Issue on e-Discovery. vol.
18, No. 3 pp. 311-320.
o “Evaluating an Intelligent Tutoring System for Making Legal Arguments with
Hypotheticals.” Pinkwart, N., Ashley, K.,
Lynch, C. and Aleven, V. (2009) International Journal of Artificial
Intelligence in Education. vol. 19, pp. 401-424.
o “Concepts,
Structures, and Goals: Redefining Ill-Definedness.” Lynch, C.
Ashley, K. Pinkwart, N., Aleven , V. (2009). International
Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. vol.
19, no. 3, pp. 253-266.
o
“Teaching
a Process Model of Legal Argument with Hypotheticals.” Ashley, K. (2009) Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Law. Vol.
17, No. 4. pp.
321-370.
o
“Automatically
Classifying Case Texts and Predicting Outcomes.” K. D. Ashley and S. Brüninghaus (2009) In Artificial Intelligence and Law Vol. 17, No. 2,
pp. 125-165.
o
“Computer
Models for Legal Prediction.” K. D. Ashley and S. Brüninghaus
(2006) Jurimetrics Journal Vol. 46, pp. 309-352.
o
“Capturing
the Dialectic between Principles and Cases.” K.D. Ashley (2004). In Jurimetrics
Vol. 44, pp. 229-279.
o
“Law,
Learning and Representation”. Ashley, K. D. & Rissland,
E. L. (2003) Artificial Intelligence. v. 150, pp. 17-58.
o
“Case-based Approaches to
Professional Ethics: a systematic comparison of students’ and ethicists’ moral
reasoning.” Keefer, M. and Ashley, K.D. (2001) Journal of Moral
Education. Vol. 30, No. 4 pp.377-398.
o
“Designing
Electronic Casebooks That Talk Back: The CATO Program”. Ashley, K. D. (2000) In
Jurimetrics Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 275‑319.
o
o
“Textual
case-based reasoning” Weber, R., Ashley, K. and Brüninghaus,
S. (2005) The
Knowledge Engineering Review, Volume 20, Issue 03, September 2005, pp 255-260.
o
“Case-based
reasoning and law” Rissland, E., Ashley, K. and
Branting, L.K. (2005) The
Knowledge Engineering Review, Volume 20, Issue 03, September 2005, pp 293-298
o
“A
Note on Dimensions and Factors”, Rissland, E.L. and
Ashley, K.D. (2002). In the Special Issue of the Journal of Artificial
Intelligence and Law in Memory of Professor Donald H. Berman. Volume 10.
Nos. 1-3. pp. 65-77.
o
“Legal
Reasoning and Artificial Intelligence: How Computers ‘Think’ Like Lawyers”,
Kevin Ashley, Karl Branting, Howard Margolis, Cass R. Sunstein
(2001) Symposium, University of Chicago Law School Roundtable v. 8, p.
1.
o
o “Toward
Extracting Information from Public Health Statutes using Text Classification
and Machine Learning” M. Grabmair, K.D. Ashley, R. Hwa and P.M. Sweeney (2011) Jurix
2011: The 24th Annual Conference, pp. 73-82 (Katie M. Atkinson ed.) IOS Press
2011.
o "Peering
Inside Peer Review with Bayesian Models." Goldin,
Ilya M., Kevin D. Ashley. (2011) Proceedings
of the 15th International
Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. Lecture
Notes in Computer Science, 6738, pp. 90-97. Auckland, New Zealand
o “Facilitating Case Comparison Using Value
Judgments and Intermediate Legal Concepts.” Grabmair, M. and Ashley, K.D. (2011) Proceedings Thirteenth International
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL 2011), pp. 161-170. ACM
Press. Donald H. Berman Award for Best
Student Paper.
o “Can Temporal Representation and
Reasoning make a Difference in Automated Legal Reasoning? Lessons from an
AI-based Ethical Reasoner.” McLaren, Bruce M. and
Ashley, Kevin D. (2011) Proceedings
Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL
2011), pp. 229-238. ACM Press.
o “Argumentation
with Value Judgments - An Example of Hypothetical Reasoning.” Grabmair, M.
and Ashley, K.D. (2010) Jurix 2010: The 23rd Annual
Conference, 67-76 (R.G.F. Winkels ed.) IOS Press.
o “Eliciting Informative Feedback
in Peer Review: Importance of Problem-Specific Scaffolding”. Goldin, I., Ashley, K. (2010) Proceedings of the 10th International Conference
on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Pittsburgh, USA.
o “Learning by Reviewing through
Peer Feedback Refinement.” Goldin, Ilya M., Kevin D. Ashley. (2010) Proceedings of the
Workshop on Computer-Supported Peer Review in Education, 10th International
Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Pittsburgh, USA
o “Borderline Cases of Ill-definedness – and How Different Definitions Deal with
Them.” Ashley, K., Lynch, C., Pinkwart, N., Aleven. (2010) Proceedings of Workshop on Intelligent
Tutoring Technologies for Ill-Defined Problems and Ill-Defined Domains. (ITS
Workshop), Pittsburgh, PA, June.
o “Argument Diagramming and
Diagnostic Reliability.” Lynch, C., Ashley, K. D., Pinkwart,
N., & Aleven, V. (2009). In Guido Governatori (Ed.) Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, Jurix 2009: The Twenty-Second Annual Conference. p.
106-115. Amsterdam, IOS Pres
o “Ontological Requirements for
Analogical, Teleological, and Hypothetical Legal Reasoning” Ashley, K. (2009) In Proceedings of the
Twelfth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp. 1-10. ACM Press. Barcelona, June.
o “What a Legal CBR Ontology
Should Provide.” Ashley, K. (2009) In Proceedings
of the 22d International FLAIRS Conference, Special Track on Case-Based
Reasoning, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA. May.
o “Using Critical Questions to
Disambiguate and Formalize Statutory Provisions.” Grabmair,
M. and Ashley, K. (2009) In Proceedings of the Twelfth International
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp.
240-1. ACM Press. Barcelona, June.
o “Toward Assessing Law Students’
Argument Diagrams.” Lynch, C., Ashley,
K., Pinkwart, N., and Aleven,
V. (2009) In Proceedings of the Twelfth
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp. 222-3. Barcelona, June.
o “Assessing Argument Diagrams in
an Ill-Defined Domain.” Pinkwart, N., Lynch, C.,
Ashley, K. and Aleven, V. (2009) In V. Dimitrova, R. Mizoguchi, B. du Bulay, & A. Graesser (Eds.), Proceedings of the 14th
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. pp. 590-592. Amsterdam (The Netherlands), IOS Press.
Brighton. July.
o “Toward
Modeling and Teaching Legal Case-based Adaptation with Expert Examples” Ashley,
K., Lynch, C., Pinkwart, N., and Aleven,
V. (2009) In Proceedings of the 8th
International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning. Lecture Notes in Computer
Science 5650 pp. 45-59. Berlin (Germany), Springer. Seattle. July.
o “A Process Model of Legal
Argument with Hypotheticals.” Ashley, K., Lynch, C., Pinkwart,
N., Aleven, V. (2008). In Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, Proceedings of Jurix 2008:
21st Annual Conference, pp. 1-10. Firenze, December.
o “Reevaluating LARGO in the
Classroom: Are Diagrams Better than Text for Teaching Argumentation
Skills?” Pinkwart,
N., Lynch, C., Ashley, K., and Aleven, V. (2008) In Proceedings of the 9th International
Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Pp. 90-100. Montreal, June.
o “Graph Grammars: an ITS
Technology for Diagram Representations” Pinkwart, N.,
Ashley, K., Aleven, V. and Lynch, C. (2008) In Proceedings of The 21st International FLAIRS
Conference, Special Track on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp.
433-438.Coconut Grove, Florida, USA. May.
o “Argument Graph Classification
with Genetic Programming and C4.5”, Lynch, C., Ashley, K., Pinkwart,
N., and Aleven V. (2008) In Proceedings of the 1st
International Conference on Educational Data Mining. Pp. 137-146 Montreal,
Quebec, Canada. June.
o “What do argument diagrams tell
us about students’ aptitude or experience? A statistical analysis in an
ill-defined domain,” Lynch, C., Pinkwart, N., Ashley,
K., and Aleven, V. (2008). In Proceedings of the Workshop on ITSs for Ill-structured Domains:
Focusing on Assessment and Feedback at the 9th International Conference on
Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. June. http://www.cs.pitt.edu/~collinl/ITS08/
o “Evaluating Legal Argument
Instruction with Graphical Representations using LARGO”, Pinkwart,
N., Aleven, V., Ashley, K., Lynch, C. (2007) In R. Luckin, K. Koedinger, & J.
Greer (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED2007)
p. 101-108. Amsterdam (Niederlande), IOS Press.
o “Argument diagramming as
focusing device: does it scaffold reading?” Lynch, C., Ashley, K., Pinkwart, N., & Aleven, V.
(2007). In V. Aleven, K. Ashley, C. Lynch, & N. Pinkwart (Eds.), Proceedings
of the Workshop on “AIED Applications in Ill-Defined Domains” at the 13th
Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (p. 51-60). Los Angeles
(CA), http://aied.inf.ed.ac.uk/AIED2007/Ill-Defined_Workshop.pdf
o “Interpretive Reasoning with
Hypothetical Cases”, Ashley, K. (2007) Proceedings
of The 20th International FLAIRS Conference, Special Track on Case-Based
Reasoning, Key West, Florida, USA. May.
o “Learning by Diagramming Supreme
Court Oral Arguments”, Ashley, K., Pinkwart, N.,
Lynch, C., Aleven, V. (2007) In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Artificial
Intelligence and Law (ICAIL-07) p. 271-275. New York (NY), ACM Press.
o “Assessing Case Analyses in
Bioengineering Ethics Education: Reliability and Training”, Goldin,
I., Ashley, K.,
Pinkus, R. (2006) International Conference on
Engineering Education (ICEE-2006) Puerto Rico, July.
o “Toward Legal Argument
Instruction with Graph Grammars and Collaborative Filtering Techniques” Pinkwart, N., Aleven, V., Ashley,
K., Lynch, C.
(2006) In M. Ikeda, K. Ashley, & T. W. Chan (Eds.), Lecture Notes in
Computer Science 4053: Proceedings of the
8th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (p. 227-236).
Berlin, Springer.
o “Progress in Textual Case-Based
Reasoning: Predicting the Outcome of Legal Cases from Text”, Brüninghaus, S. and Ashley K. (2006) Proceedings, Twenty-First National Conference on Artificial Intelligence
(AAAI-06) pp. 1577-1580. Boston. July.
o "Teaching Case Analysis through Framing:
Prospects for an ITS in an ill-defined
domain" Goldin, I., Ashley, K., and Pinkus,
R. (2006) ITS 2006 Workshop on "Intelligent Tutoring Systems for
Ill-Defined Domains” Jhongli, Taiwan. June 2006.
o "Supporting Self-explanation of Argument
Transcript: Specific v. Generic Prompts" Aleven,
V., Pinkwart, N., Ashley, K., Lynch, C. (2006) In V. Aleven, K. Ashley, C. Lynch, & N. Pinkwart
(Eds.), Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Tutoring Systems for
Ill-Defined Domains at the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring
Systems (p. 47-55). Jhongli (Taiwan), National
Central University.
o "Defining Ill-Defined
Domains; A literature survey." Lynch, C., Ashley, K., Aleven,
V., Pinkwart, N. (2006) In V. Aleven,
K. Ashley, C. Lynch, & N. Pinkwart (Eds.),
Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Ill-Defined
Domains at the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (p.
1-10). Jhongli (Taiwan), National Central University.
o “Reasoning with Textual Cases.” Brüninghaus, S. and Ashley K. (2005) In the Proceedings of the Sixth International
Conference on Case-Based Reasoning. pp. 137-151.
Chicago. August. Springer.
o
“Generating
Legal Arguments and Predictions from Case Texts,” Brüninghaus,
S. and Ashley K. (2005) In the Proceedings
of the Tenth International Conference of AI and Law. pp.
65-74. Bologna. June. ACM Press.
o “Helping Law Students to
Understand US Supreme Court Oral Arguments: A Planned Experiment.” Aleven, V, Ashley, K. and Lynch, C. (2005) In the Proceedings of the Tenth International
Conference of AI and Law. pp. 55-59. Bologna. June. ACM Press.
o “Towards Modeling Systematic
Interpretation of Codified Law,” Grabmair, M. and Ashley, K. (2005)
In M.-F. Moens and P. Spyns
(eds.) Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, the Proceedings of the
Eighteenth Annual Conference (JURIX 2005).
pp. 107-8. Brussels. December. IOS Press.
o “Toward Supporting Hypothesis
Formation and Testing in an Interpretive Domain.” Aleven, V. and
Ashley, K. (2005) In
the Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Artificial
Intelligence in Education, Amsterdam. July.
o “A
Predictive Role for Intermediate Legal Concepts,” Ashley, K. and Brüninghaus, S. (2003). In the Proceedings 16th Annual
Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, Jurix-03. pp. 153-162.
o “Combining Case-Based and
Model-Based Reasoning for Predicting the Outcome of Legal Cases”. Brüninghaus, S. and Ashley, K.D. (2003). In the Proceedings
of the Fifth International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning (ICCBR-03). pp. 65-79.
o “Predicting Outcomes of
Case-Based Legal Arguments.” Brüninghaus, S. and
Ashley, K.D. (2003). In the Proceedings of the Ninth International
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL-03). pp. 234-242.
o
o
o
o “Introducing PETE: Computer
Support For Teaching Ethics”. Goldin,
o “Helping a CBR Program Know What
it Knows”. McLaren, B.M. and Ashley, K.D. (2001). In the Proceedings of the Fourth
International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning. (ICCBR-01) Case-Based
Reasoning Research and Development, (Aha, D. and Watson,
o “The Role of Information
Extraction for Textual CBR”. Brüninghaus, S. and
Ashley, K.D. (2001). In the Proceedings of the Fourth International
Conference on Case-Based Reasoning. (ICCBR-01). Case-Based Reasoning
Research and Development, (Aha, D. and Watson,
o
“Developing
Mapping and Evaluation Techniques for Textual CBR”. Ashley, K.D., and St. Bruninghaus (1998) In Textual Case‑Based Reasoning
Papers from the AAAI‑98 Workshop. Pages 20 ‑ 23. AAAI Technical Report WS‑98‑12.
AAAI Press,
o
“Evaluation
of Textual CBR Approaches”. Bruninghaus, S. and
Ashley, K.D. (1998) Textual Case‑Based Reasoning. Papers from the AAAI‑98
Workshop. pp. 30‑34. AAAI Technical Report WS‑98‑12.
AAAI Press,
o
“Reasoning
with Reasons in Case‑Based Comparisons”. Ashley, K. D. and McLaren, B. (1995)
In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Case‑Based Reasoning
(ICCBR‑95) Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 1010. Veloso, M. and Aamodt, A. (ed.)
pp. 133‑144. Springer:
o
“Doing
Things with Factors”. Aleven, V. and Ashley, K. D.
(1995) In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Artificial
Intelligence and Law pp. 31‑41. Association for Computing Machinery:
o
“Reasoning
Adversarially with Cases and Factors”. Ashley, K.D.
(1988). In Proceedings, AAAI Workshop on Case‑Based Reasoning, AAAI‑88.
o
“Dynamic
Assessment of Relevancy in a Case‑Based Reasoner”.
Ashley, K.D. & Rissland, E.L. In Proceedings
of the Fourth IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications,
o
“A
Case‑Based System for Trade Secrets Law”. Rissland,
E.L. & Ashley, K.D. (1987). In Proceedings, First International
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp.
60‑66. ACM Press:
o “Case-Based Models of Legal
Reasoning in a Civil Law Context.” Ashley, K.D. (2004). Invited
paper. International Congress of Comparative Cultures and Legal Systems of the Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México,
o “Exploring an Example of Creative
Legal Problem Solving: Inventing the NOW Account.” Ashley, K.D. (2003).
Invited paper for the Special Workshop of the IVR World Congress 2003 on
Creativity in Legal Problem Solving.
“
o “Adding an Intelligent Tutor to an Electronic Legal Casebook”. Ashley, K.D. (1998). In
Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Substantive Technology in
o “Ill-Defined Domains and Adaptive Tutoring
Technologies”, Lynch, C., Ashley, K. D., Pinkwart,
N., & Aleven, V. (In-Press). to
appear in Durlach, P. & Lesgold,
A. M (Eds.) Adaptive Technologies for Training and Education.
Cambridge University Press.
o
“Instructional Explanations in a Legal Classroom:
Are Students’ Argument Diagrams of Hypothetical Reasoning Diagnostic?” Ashley,
K. and Lynch, C. (2010)
in Stein, M.K., & Kucan, L. (Eds.) Instructional
Explanations in the Disciplines. pp. 171-188 New
York: Springer.
o “Case-Based Reasoning”, Ashley,
K. D. In A.R. Lodder & A. Oskamp
(eds.): Information Technology & Lawyers: Advanced technology in the
legal domain, from challenges to daily routine. pp.
27-68. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2006.
o
“Arguing by Analogy
in Law: a Case‑Based Model”. Ashley, K.D. In David H. Helman,
editor, Analogical Reasoning: Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive
Science, and Philosophy, Kluwer Academic Publishers: