Reading and language have been important parts of LRDC for many years. Current work spans the range of basic research and applied research, from laboratory studies of the cognitive and linguistic processes of reading to classroom studies of reading comprehension and vocabulary learning.

Core Faculty: Isabel Beck (Emeritus) Julie Fiez, Diane Litman, Margaret McKeown, Charles Perfetti, Erik Reichle, Natasha Tokowicz and Tessa Warren

Students work with faculty to conduct research in these areas and are drawn from the following academic program(s).

Academic Programs:
Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
Cognitive Program, Department of Psychology
Intelligent Systems Program

Selected Projects

Articulatory / Phonological Processes in Working Memory

Cerebellum and Language

Developing Effective Instruction and Building Teacher Knowledge for Vocabulary Development

Documenting Students' Opportunity for Literate Engagement in an Afterschool Context

Efficacy Trial of Robust Vocabulary Instruction Significance

Eye Movement Control: Coordinating Perception, Cognition, and Action in Reading

Improving Science Learning through Tutorial Dialogues

Measuring Classroom Discussions in Mathematics and Literacy

Psycho-Linguistic Underpinnings of Multilingualism (PLUM) Lab

Reading and Language Group

Reading and The Right Fusiform

Robust Instruction of Academic Vocabulary for Middle School Students

Robust Vocabulary Instruction


Cognitive Neuroscience Learning Technology
Higher-Level Learning Reading and Language
Informal Learning Reforming School Practice
Learning Policy Social and Motivational Factors
Selected Publications


Guan, C. Q., Liu, Y., Chan, D. H. L., & Perfetti, C. A. (in press). Writing strengthens orthography and alphabetic-coding strengthens phonology in learning to read Chinese. Journal of Educational Psychology. PDF/Abstract

Halderman, L. K., Ashby, J., & Perfetti, C. A. (in press). Phonology: An early and integral role in identifying words. In J. Adelman (Ed.), Visual word recognition, Volume I: Models and methods, orthography and phonology. Psychology Press. PDF/Abstract

Jamal, N. I., Piche, A. W., Napoliello, E. M., Perfetti, C. A., & Eden, G. F. (in press). Neural basis of single-word reading in Spanish-English bilinguals. Human Brain Mapping. PDF/Abstract

Liu, Y., Wang, M., Perfetti, C. A., Brubaker, B., Wu, S., & MacWhinney, B. (in press). Learning a tonal language by attending to the tone: An in-vivo experiment.  Language Learning. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C. A. (in press). Reading processes and reading problems: Progress toward a universal reading science. In P. McCardle, J. Ren, O. Tzeng, & B. Miller (Eds.), Dyslexia across languages: Orthography and the brain-gene-behavior link. Baltimore, MD: Brookes. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C. A., & Cao, F. (in press). Specialization and universals in the development of reading skill: How Chinese research informs a universal science of reading. Scientific Studies of Reading. PDF/Abstract

Reichle, E. D. (in press). Computational models of reading. Oxford University Press. PDF/Abstract

Reichle, E. D. (in press). Serial attention models of reading. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), Oxford handbook on eye movements. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. PDF/Abstract

Schooler, J. W., Smallwood, J., Christoff, K., Handy, T. C., Reichle, E. D., & Sayette, M. A. (in press). Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C. A., & Adlof, S. M. (in press). Reading comprehension: A conceptual framework from word meaning to text meaning. In J. Sabatini & E. Albro (Eds.), Assessing reading in the 21st century: Aligning and applying advances in the reading and measurement sciences. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education. PDF/Abstract

Yang, C.-L., Perfetti, C. A., & Schmalhofer, F. (in press). ERP evidence for less skilled readers: Inefficient lexical processes in text integration. The special Issues in Reading and Writing.  PDF/Abstract

Crosson, A. C., & Lesaux, N. K. (under review). Pinpointing the challenging aspects of academic language: Does knowledge of connectives play a special role in the reading comprehension of English language learners and English-only students?  PDF/Abstract

Vanyukov, P. M., Warren, T., Wheeler, M. E., & Reichle, E. D. (under review). Searching for O: Evidence for cognitive control in eye-movement behavior. PDF/Abstract

Warren, T. (in press). The influence of plausibility and anomaly on eye movements in reading. In I. Gilchrist, S. Everling, & S. Liversedge (Eds.), The Oxford handbook on eye movements.  PDF/Abstract

Warren, T., & Dickey, M. W. (in press). On line costs for predicting upcoming syntactic structure. In J. Harris & M. Grant (Eds.), UMass occasional papers in linguistics 38: Processing structure.  PDF/Abstract

White, S. J., Warren, T., & Reichle, E. D. (in press). Parafoveal preview during reading: Effects of sentence position. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.  PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Phonology is critical in reading: But a phonological deficit is not the only source of low reading skill. Explaining individual differences in reading (pp. 153-171). New York: Routledge. PDF/Abstract

Trude, A. M., & Tokowicz, N. (2011). Negative transfer from Spanish and English to Portuguese pronunciation: The roles of inhibition and working memory. Language Learning, 61(1), 259-280 PDF/Abstract

Degani, T., Prior, A., & Tokowicz, N. (2011). Bidirectional transfer: The effect of sharing a translation. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(1), 18-28. PDF/Abstract

Cheng, C., Wang, M., & Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Acquisition of compound words in Chinese-English bilingual children: Decomposition and cross-language activation. Applied Psycholinguistics, 32, 583-600. PDF/Abstract

de Jong, N., & Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Fluency training in the ESL classroom: An experimental study of fluency development and proceduralization. Language Learning, 61(2), 533-568. PDF/Abstract

Frishkoff, G. A., Perfetti, C. A., & Collins-Thompson, K. (2011). Predicting robust vocabulary growth from measures of incremental learning. Scientific Studies of Reading, 15(1), 71-91. PDF/Abstract

McKeown, M. G., & Beck, I. L. (2011). Making vocabulary interventions engaging and effective. In R. E. O'Connor & P. F. Vadasy (Eds.), Handbook of reading interventions (pp. 138-168). New York: Guilford Press. PDF/Abstract

McKeown, M. G., & Beck, I. L. (2011, April). Two approaches to vocabulary instruction for kindergarteners: Comparing effects on comprehension. Poster talk presented at the American Educational Research Association Conference, New Orleans. PDF/Abstract

McKeown, M. G., Beck, I. L., & Apthorp, H. (2011, April). Examining depth of processing in vocabulary lessons. Poster talk presented at the American Educational Research Association Conference, New Orleans. PDF/Abstract

Michael, E. B., Tokowicz, N., Degani, T., & Smith, C. J. (2011). Individual differences in the ability to resolve translation ambiguity across languages. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8, 79-97. PDF/Abstract

Patson, N. D., & Warren, T. (2011). Building complex reference objects from dual sets. Journal of Memory and Language, 64(4), 443-459. PDF/Abstract

Phillips, A., Jarbo, K. G., & Tokowicz, N. (2011, June). Individual differences in adult second language vocabulary learning. Poster to be presented at the Eighth International Symposium on Bilingualism, Oslo, Norway. PDF/Abstract

Reichle, E. D., Liu, Y., & Laurent, P. A. (2011). The emergence of adaptive eye movement control in reading: Theory and data. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 9, 45-52. PDF/Abstract

Reichle, E. D., Tokowicz, N., Liu, Y., & Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Testing an assumption of the E-Z Reader Model of eye-movement control during reading: Using event-related potentials to examine the familiarity check. Psychophysiology, 48, 993-1003. PDF/Abstract

Tolentino, L. C., & Tokowicz, N. (2011). Across languages, space, and time: A review of the role of cross-language similarity in L2 (morpho)syntactic processing as revealed by fMRI and ERP. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33, 1-34. PDF/Abstract

Tolentino, L. C., & Tokowicz, N. (2011, June). Second language Swedish morphosyntactic instruction and cross-language similarity: An ERP investigation. Paper to be presented at the Eighth International Symposium on Bilingualism, Oslo, Norway. PDF/Abstract

Tuninetti, A., Tokowicz, N., & Warren, T. (2011). Cross-language similarity in L2 learning: An eye-tracking study. Poster to be presented at the 8th International Symposium on Bilingualism, Oslo, Norway. PDF/Abstract

Vanyukov, P. M., Warren, T., & Reichle, E. D. (2011). Effects of frequency on eye movements in reading and visual search. Poster to be presented at the European Conference on Eye Movements, Marseilles, France. PDF/Abstract

Verhoeven, L., & Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Morphological processing in reading acquisition: A cross-linguistic perspective. Applied Psycholinguistics, 32, 457-466. PDF/Abstract

Verhoeven, L., & Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Vocabulary growth and reading skill. Introduction to special issue of Scientific Studies of Reading, 15(1), 1-7. PDF/Abstract

Warren, T., Reichle, E. D., & Patson, N. D. (2011). Lexical and post-lexical complexity effects on eye movements in reading. Journal of Eye-Movement Research, 4, 1-10. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C. A., Nelson, J., Liu, Y., Fiez, J., & Tan, L.-H. (2010). The neural bases of reading: Universals and writing system variations. In P. Cornelissen, M. Kringelbach, & P. Hansen (Eds.), The neural basis of reading (pp. 147-172). Oxford University Press. PDF/Abstract

Tokowicz, N., & Warren, T. (2010). Beginning adult L2 learners' sensitivity to morphosyntactic violations: A self-paced reading study. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 22(7), 1092-1106. PDF/Abstract

Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2010). Ambiguous words are harder to learn. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 299-314. PDF/Abstract

Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2010). Semantic ambiguity within and across languages: An integrative review. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(7), 1266-1303. PDF/Abstract

Frishkoff, G. A., Perfetti, C. A., & Collins-Thompson, K. (2010). Lexical quality in the brain: ERP evidence for robust word learning from context. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(4), 1-28. PDF/Abstract

McKeown, M. G., & Kucan, L. (Eds.). (2010). Bringing reading research to life: Essays in honor of Isabel Beck. NY: Guilford Press. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C. A. (2010). Decoding, vocabulary, and comprehension: The golden triangle of reading skill. In M. G. McKeown & L. Kucan (Eds.), Bringing reading researchers to life: Essays in honor of Isabel Beck (pp. 291-303). NY: Guilford Press. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C. A. (2010). Reading. In P. C. Hogan (Ed.), Cambridge encyclopedia of the language sciences (pp. 699-702). Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C. A., Nelson, J., Liu, Y., Fiez, J., & Tan, L.-H. (2010). The neural bases of reading: Universals and writing system variations. In P. Cornelissen, M. Kringelbach, & P. Hansen (Eds.), The neural basis of reading (pp. 147-172). Oxford University Press. PDF/Abstract

Tokowicz, N., & Degani, T. (2010). Translation ambiguity: Consequences for learning and processing. In B. Van Patten & J. Jegerski (Eds.), Research on second language processing and parsing (pp. 281-293). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. PDF/Abstract

van Hell, J. G., & Tokowicz, N. (2010). Event related brain potentials and second language learning: Syntactic processing in late L2 learners at different L2 proficiency levels. Second Language Research, 26, 43-74. PDF/Abstract

Frishkoff, G. A., Perfetti, C. A., & Westbury, C. (2009). ERP measures of partial semantic knowledge: Left temporal indices of skill differences and lexical quality. Biological Psychology, 80(1), 130-147. PDF/Abstract

Frishkoff, G. A., White, G., & Perfetti, C. A. (2009). In vivo testing of learning and instructional principles: The design and implementation of school-based experimentation. In L. M. Dinella (Ed.), Conducting science-based psychology research in schools (pp. 153-173). Washington DC: American Psychological Association. PDF/Abstract

Gadgil, S., & Nokes, T. J. (2009). Analogical scaffolding in collaborative learning. In N. Taatgen, H. van Rijn, L. Shoemaker, & J. Nerbonne (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 3115-3120). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Cognitive Science Society. PDF/Abstract

McKeown, M. G., & Beck, I. L. (2009). The role of metacognition in understanding and supporting reading comprehension. In D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Handbook of Metacognition in Education. The Educational Psychology Series (pp. 7-25). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. PDF/Abstract

McKeown, M. G., Beck, I. L., & Blake, R. G. K. (2009). Rethinking comprehension instruction: Comparing strategies and content instructional approaches. Reading Research Quarterly, 44(3), 218-253. PDF/Abstract

McKeown, M. G., Beck, I. L., &. Blake, R. G. K. (2009). Reading comprehension: Focus on content or strategies? Perspectives (International Dyslexia Association), 35(2), 28-32. PDF/Abstract

Nelson, J. R., Liu, Y., Fiez, J., & Perfetti, C. A. (2009). Assimilation and accommodation patterns in ventral occipitotemporal cortex in learning a second writing system. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 810-820. PDF/Abstract

Patson, N. D., & Warren, T. (2009). Eye movements when reading implausible sentences: Investigating potential structural influences on semantic integration. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1(1), 1-17. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C. A. (2009). La Maison hypertext. In M. Bernstein & D. Greco (Eds.), Reading hypertext (pp. 19-20). Watertown, MA: Eastgate Systems. PDF/Abstract

Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., Liversedge, S. P., & Reichle, E. D. (2009). Eye movements and non-canonical reading: Comments on Kennedy and Pynte (2008). Vision Research, 49, 2232-2236. PDF/Abstract

Reichle, E. D., Liversedge, S. P., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2009). Encoding multiple words simultaneously in reading is implausible. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 115-119. PDF/Abstract

Reichle, E. D., Warren, T., & McConnell, K. (2009). Using E-Z Reader to model the effects of higher-level language processing on eye movements during reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 1-21. PDF/Abstract

Sayette, M. A., Reichle, E. D., & Schooler, J. W. (2009). Lost in the sauce: The effects of alcohol on mind-wandering. Psychological Science, 20, 747-752. PDF/Abstract

Tolentino, L. C., & Tokowicz, N. (2009). Are pumpkins better than heaven?: An ERP investigation of the concrete-word advantage using order effects. Brain and Language, 110, 12-22. PDF/Abstract

Warren, T., White, S. J., & Reichle, E. D. (2009). Investigating the causes of wrap-up effects: Evidence from eye movements and E-Z Reader. Cognition, 111, 132-137. PDF/Abstract

Beck I. L., McKeown, M. G., & Kucan, L. (2008). Creating robust vocabulary: Frequently asked questions and extended examples. NY: Guilford Publications, Inc. PDF/Abstract

Bolger, D. J., Balass, M., Landen, E. & Perfetti, C. A. (2008). Contextual variation and definitions in learning the meaning of words. Discourse Processes, 45(2), 122-159. PDF/Abstract

Frishkoff, G. A., Collins-Thompson, K., Perfetti, C. A., & Callan, J. (2008). Measuring incremental changes in word knowledge: Experimental validation and implications for learning assessment. Behavioral Research Methods, 40(4), 907-925. PDF/Abstract

Hart, L., & Perfetti, C. A. (2008). Learning words in Zekkish: Implications for understanding lexical representation. In E. L. Grigorenko & A. J. Naples (Eds.), Single word reading: Behavioral and biological perspectives (pp. 107-128). New York: Taylor & Francis. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C. A., & Dunlap, S. (2008). Learning to read: General principles and writing system variations. In K. Koda & A. Zehler (Eds.), Learning to read across languages (pp. 13-38). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C. A., Yang, C-L., & Schmalhofer, F. (2008). Comprehension skill and word-to-text processes. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(3), 303-318. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C., & Frishkoff, G. A. (2008). The neural bases of text and discourse processing. In B. Stemmer & H. A. Whitaker (Eds.), Handbook of the neuroscience of language (pp. 165-174). Cambridge, MA: Elsevier. PDF/Abstract

Perfetti, C., Yang, C., & Schmalhofer, F. (2008). Comprehension skill and word-to-text integration processes. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(3), 303-318. PDF/Abstract

Pollatsek, A., Juhasz, B. J., Reichle, E. D., Machacek, D., & Rayner, K. (2008). Immediate and delayed effects of word frequency and word length on eye movements in reading: A delayed effect of word length. Journal of Experiment Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 726-750. PDF/Abstract

Pollatsek, A., Rayner, K., & Reichle, E. D. (2008). The E-Z Reader model of eye movement control in reading. In K. Rayner, D. Shen, X. Bai, & G. Yan (Eds.), Cognitive and cultural influences on eye movements (pp. 37-64). Tianjin, China: Tianjin's People Publishing. PDF/Abstract

Reichle, E. D., Vanyukov, P., Laurent, P., & Warren, T. (2008). Serial or parallel? Using depth-of-processing to examine attention allocation during reading. Vision Research, 48(7), 1831-1836. [Corrigendum in: Vision Research, 50, 2028.] PDF/Abstract

Siok, W. T., Niu, Z. Jin, Z., Perfetti, C. A. & Tan, L. H. (2008). A structural-functional basis for dyslexia in the cortex of Chinese readers. PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences), 105(14), 5561-5566. PDF/Abstract

Tokowicz, N., & Warren, T. (2008). Quantification and statistics in the study of bilingualism. In L. Wei & M. Moyer (Eds.), The Blackwell guide to research methods in bilingualism. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. PDF/Abstract

Verhoeven, L., & Perfetti, C. A. (2008). Introduction. Advances in text comprehension: Model, process and development. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(3), 293-301. PDF/Abstract

Warren, T., McConnell, K., & Rayner, K. (2008). Effects of context on eye movements when reading about possible and impossible events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 34(4), 1001-1010. PDF/Abstract

Yang, C.-L., & Perfetti, C. (2006). Contextual constraints on the comprehension of relative clause sentences in Chinese: ERPs evidence. Language and Linguistics, 7(3), 697-730. PDF/Abstract