Time and Place: Fall Semester, 2002: Thursdays & Fridays, 10:00 - 11:30 AM, Law Bldg 121
Professor: Kevin D. Ashley
Law Bldg, 3900 Forbes Ave., Room 525, 648-1495Materials: One volume of readings available through KopyKat.
Learning Research and Development Center, 3939 O'Hara St., Room 519, 624-7496ashley@pitt.edu
Evaluation and Requirements:
The two major requirements are a seminar paper and classroom participation.
Seminar papers: A nonexhaustive listing of possible paper topics may be found at http://www.lrdc.pitt.edu/ashley/sampletopics.htm. Students should contact Prof. Ashley early in the term to discuss appropriate paper topics. This is especially true for those who intend the paper to satisfy their law school writing requirement. A typical paper topic for a law student might involve the student’s attempting to model how a lawyer reasons about an interesting legal issue or task using one or more of the AI techniques discussed in the seminar. Such a paper would identify the information necessary to reason about the issue or perform the task, describe a scheme for representing the information and a mechanism for applying it to solve problems, work through examples manually illustrating how the mechanism works, and discuss the difficulties encountered and assumptions made. Graduate students are invited to propose paper topics connecting the seminar material to their own interests in AI.For students planning to take the Practicum in Artificial Intelligence and Law in spring, 2003, the seminar paper may serve as a preparation for the student's project.
Classroom Participation: Students will also be evaluated on the basis of class participation. In order to stimulate classroom discussion and foster understanding of the readings, students also will be asked to participate in a “rotisserie” program, a kind of software-supported peer feedback, in which the program distributes assignments to students to prepare short (1 page) critiques of readings, and then, after everyone has submitted her answer, randomly distributes these answers to different classmates for comment (and sometimes to participating authors of the readings). Prof. Ashley may assign individual students responsibility for being prepared to discuss individual readings.
Rotisserie Program: http://kingston.cs.pitt.edu:8080/Rotisserie
Schedule of Topics and Readings:
I. Introduction to AI & Law
Date: August 29, 30II. Overview of AI and Law Research
Take-home exercise.Read: "The Semantic Web", Tim Berners-Lee, et al., Scientific American, May 17, 2001
Date: September 5, 6III. What is Legal Reasoning? What is AI?Powerpoint presentation by Prof. Ashley
- Buchanan & Headrick. "Some Speculation about Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning". 23 Stanford L. R. 40-62 (1970).
- Edwina L. Rissland. "Artificial Intelligence and Law: Stepping Stones to a Model of Legal Reasoning". 99 Yale L.J. 1957-1981. June 1990. Number 8.
Date: September 12, 13IV. Legal Production Rule Systems and Logical Representations of Statutes
- K. N. Llewellyn. The Bramble Bush: On Our Law and Its Study. pp. 19-76. Oceana Publications, Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1960 edition, 1930. [At Reserve Desk.]
- Edward H. Levi. An Introduction to Legal Reasoning. pp. 1-27. University of Chicago Press, 1949.
- Edwina L. Rissland. "Artificial Intelligence: Knowledge Representation", "Artificial Intelligence: Search, Control and Learning". Chapter 4 and 5 of Cognitive Science, an Introduction. 2d Edition. pp. 139-214. Bradford Books / MIT Press. 1985. Cambridge, MA. [At Reserve Desk.]
Date: September 19, 20V. Problems with Logical Representations of Statutes
- D. A. Waterman and M. Peterson. Models of Legal Decisionmaking. Technical Report R-2717-1CJ. pp. v-xii, 1-55. Rand Corporation. Santa Monica, CA. 1981.
- M. J. Sergot, F. Sadri, R. A. Kowalski, F. Kriwaczek, P. Hammond, and H. T. Cory. "The British Nationality Act as a Logic Program". Communications of the ACM, 29(5):370--386, May 1986
Date: September 26, 27VI. Identifying Legal Issues
- Layman E. Allen and C. R. Engholm. "Normalized Legal Drafting and the Query Method". 29 Journal of Legal Education 380-412. 1978.
- Layman E. Allen and Charles S. Saxon. "Some Problems in Designing Expert Systems to Aid Legal Reasoning". In Proceedings of First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 94-103. Northeastern University, Boston, 1987.
- Donald Berman and Carole Hafner. "Obstacles to the Development of Logic-Based Models of Legal Reasoning" in Computer Power and Legal Language. Walter, C. (ed.) pp. 183-214. Greenwood Press. 1986.
Dates: October 3, 4VII. Representing Legal Concepts
- Anne. vdL. Gardner. An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning. pp. 1-16, 33-66, 84-188. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1987.
Dates: October 10, 11VIII. Arguing with Cases and Hypotheticals
- L. Thorne McCarty and N. S. Sridharan. "A Computational Theory of Legal Argument". LRP-TR-13. pp. 1-36. Laboratory for Computer Science Research. Rutgers University. New Brunswick, NJ, 1982
- D. Schlobohm and L. T. McCarty. "EPS II: Estate Planning with Prototypes" 1989 In Proceedings of Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 1-10. New York: Association of Computing Machinery
Dates: October 17, 18IX. Structured Legal Analogies
- Kevin D. Ashley. Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals. The MIT Press / Bradford Books, 1990. Book pp. 9-86, 184-193
Date: October 24, 25X. Integrating Cases, Statutes, and Rules
- L. Karl Branting, "Building Explanations from Rules and Structured Cases". International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 34(6):797--837,1991.
Date: October 31, November 1XI. Teleology; Case Interpretation & Intelligent Tutoring with Cases
- Edwina L. Rissland and David B. Skalak "CABARET: Statutory Interpretation in a Hybrid Architecture" in International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 34(6):839--887,1991.
- E. Rissland, D. Skalak, and M. Friedman. 1993 "BankXX: A Program to Generate Argument through Case-Base Search" in Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on AI and Law. pp. 117-124.
- Henry Prakken and G. Sartor, 1997 "Reasoning with Precedents in a Dialogue Game" in Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp. 1-9. Association for Computing Machinery. New York. July.
- John F. Horty (1999) "Precedent, Deontic Logic, and Inheritance" in Proceedings, Seventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 63-71. Association of Computing Machinery, New York. Oslo. June.
Date: November 7, 8XII. Text Retrieval
- Donald H. Berman and C. Hafner (1993) "Representing Teleological Structure in Case-Based Legal Reasoning: The Missing Link" in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp. 50-59. Association for Computing Machinery. New York. June.
- L. Karl Branting (1993) "A Reduction-Graph Model of Ratio Decidendi" in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp. 40-49. Association for Computing Machinery. New York. June.
- Aleven, V. and K. Ashley. (1997) "Evaluating a Learning Environment for Case-Based Argumentation Skills". International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, ICAIL-97. Melbourne, Australia. June. pp. 170-179. Association for Computing Machinery: NY, NY.
- Ashley, K. and V. Aleven. (1997) "Reasoning Symbolically About Partially Matched Cases". International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-97. Nagoya, Japan. August. pp. 335-341. Morgan Kaufmann: San Francisco.
Dates: November 14, 15X. Helping Judges: Document Drafting, Decision Making, Sentencing
- David C. Blair and M. E. Maron. "An Evaluation of Retrieval Effectiveness for a Full-Text Document-Retrieval System". Communications of the ACM, 28(3):289-299, March 1985.
- Howard R. Turtle. 1995 "Text Retrieval in the Legal World" in Artificial Intelligence and Law, 3: 5-54. Kluwer: Dordrect, The Netherlands.
- Daniels, J.J. and Rissland, E.L.(1997) Finding Legally Relevant Passages in Case Opinions. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. ICAIL-97 pp. 39-46. Association for Computing Machinery. New York.
- Bruninghaus, S. and Ashley, K.D. (1999). "Toward Adding Knowledge to Learning Algorithms for Indexing Legal Cases," in Proceedings, Seventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 9-17. Association of Computing Machinery, New York. Oslo. June.
Dates: November 21, 22XIII. Hybrids, Hypertext and Beyond
- J. Karl Branting, J. Lester, and C. Callaway (1998) "Automating Judicial Document Drafting: A Discourse-Based Approach" In Artificial Intelligence and Law 6: 111-149. Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
- John Zeleznikow and A. Stranieri, 1995 "The Split-Up System: Integrating Neural Networks and Rule-Based Reasoning in the Legal Domain" in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp. 185-194. Association for Computing Machinery. New York. May.
- Uri Schild, 1995 "Intelligent Computer Systems for Criminal Sentencing" in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp. 229-238. Association for Computing Machinery. New York. May.
Dates: December 5, 6
- Daniel E. Rose and R. K. Belew, "A Connectionist and Symbolic Hybrid for Improving Legal Research". International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 35: 1-33, 1991.
- Graham Greenleaf, A. Mowbray and P. Van Dijk 1995 "Representing and Using Legal Knowledge in Integrated Decision Support Systems: DataLex Workstations." Artificial Intelligence and Law. 3: 97-142. Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
- Edwina L. Rissland and M. Timur. Friedman, 1995 "Detecting Change in Legal Concepts" in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp. 127-136. Association for Computing Machinery. New York. May.