Selected Publications

Books and Edited Works:

  • Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development, Ashley, K.D. & Bridge, D.G. (Eds.) (2003) 5th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR 2003, Trondheim, Norway, June 2003, Proceedings. Springer, Berlin. 
  • Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals. Ashley, K.D., (1990). The MIT Press / Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA. Substantially rewritten version of (1987) Ph.D. Dissertation. COINS Technical Report No. 88‑‑01, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
  • Textual Case Based Reasoning. Lenz, M., and K.D. Ashley, editors (1998). Papers from the Workshop held at the Sixteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI‑Technical Report WS‑98‑12. AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA.

 Refereed Journal Articles:

  • “Capturing the Dialectic between Principles and Cases.”  K.D. Ashley (2004). In Jurimetrics Vol. 44, pp. 229-279.
  • “Law, Learning and Representation”. Ashley, K. D. & Rissland, E. L. (2003) Artificial Intelligence. v. 150, pp. 17-58.
  • “An AI Model of Case‑Based Legal Argument from a Jurisprudential Viewpoint.” K.D. Ashley (2002). In the Special Issue of the Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Law in Memory of Professor Donald H. Berman. Volume 10. Nos. 1-3. pp. 163-218.
  • “Case-based Approaches to Professional Ethics: a systematic comparison of students’ and ethicists’ moral reasoning.” Keefer, M. and Ashley, K.D. (2001) Journal of Moral Education. Vol. 30, No. 4 pp.377-398.
  • “Designing Electronic Casebooks That Talk Back: The CATO Program”. Ashley, K. D. (2000) In Jurimetrics Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 275‑319.
  • “Case‑Based Reasoning and its Implications for Legal Expert Systems”. Ashley, K. D. (1992). In  Artificial Intelligence and Law Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 113‑208. Kluwer. Dordrecht, Netherlands.
  •  “Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals in Hypo”. Ashley, K. D. (1991).  In International Journal of Man‑Machine Studies, Vol. 34, pp. 753‑796. Academic Press. New York.
  • “A Case‑Based Approach to Modeling Legal Expertise”, Ashley, K.D. & Rissland, E.L. In IEEE Expert, Fall, 1988.         

Other Journal Articles, Symposia, Position Papers:

  • “A Note on Dimensions and Factors”, Rissland, E.L. and Ashley, K.D. (2002). In the Special Issue of the Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Law in Memory of Professor Donald H. Berman. Volume 10. Nos. 1-3. pp. 65-77.
  • “Legal Reasoning and Artificial Intelligence: How Computers ‘Think’ Like Lawyers”, Kevin Ashley, Karl Branting, Howard Margolis, Cass R. Sunstein (2001) Symposium, University of Chicago Law School Roundtable v. 8, p. 1.
  • “What I Told The Law and Computers Association of Japan About Information Technology in Law School Education.” K.D. Ashley (2001). University of Pittsburgh Law Review. v. 62, Summer, pp. 545-578.
  • Position Paper for AAAI 2006 Fellows Symposium, Kevin D. Ashley, University of Pittsburgh


Refereed Conference and Workshop Proceedings:

  • “A Predictive Role for Intermediate Legal Concepts,” Ashley, K. and Brüninghaus, S. (2003). In the Proceedings 16th Annual Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, Jurix-03. pp. 153-162. Utrecht, The Netherlands. December. IOS Press, Amsterdam.
  • “Combining Case-Based and Model-Based Reasoning for Predicting the Outcome of Legal Cases”. Brüninghaus, S. and Ashley, K.D. (2003). In the Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning (ICCBR-03). pp. 65-79. Trondheim, Norway. June. Springer, Berlin.
  • “Predicting Outcomes of Case-Based Legal Arguments.” Brüninghaus, S. and Ashley, K.D. (2003). In the Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL-03). pp. 234-242. Edinburgh, Scotland. June.  ACM Press.
  • “Teaching Case-Based Argumentation Concepts using Dialectic Arguments vs. Didactic Explanations”.  Ashley, K.D., Desai, R. and Levine, J.M. (2002) In Proceedings, Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference, ITS ’02 (S.A. Cerri, G. Gouardères, F. Paraguaçu, ed.) Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Pp. 585-595. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
  • “Teaching with Dialectic Arguments vs. Didactic Explanations” Desai, R. and Ashley, K.D. (2002). In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Fairfax, VA. August.
  • “An AI Investigation of Citation's Epistemological Role”. Ashley, K.D. and McLaren, B.M. (2001). In the Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence & Law (ICAIL-01). pp. 32-41. ACM Press.
  • “Improving the Representation Of Legal Case Texts With Information Extraction Methods”.  Brüninghaus, S. and Ashley, K.D. (2001). In the Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence & Law (ICAIL-01). pp. 42-51. ACM Press.
  • “Introducing PETE: Computer Support For Teaching Ethics”. Goldin, I., Ashley, K.D. and Pinkus, R.  (2001). In the Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence & Law (ICAIL-01). pp. 94-98. ACM Press.
  • “Helping a CBR Program Know What it Knows”.  McLaren, B.M.  and Ashley, K.D. (2001). In the Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning. (ICCBR-01) Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development, (Aha, D. and Watson, I. eds.) Lecture Notes in AI Nr. 2080.  pp. 377-391. Springer.
  • “The Role of Information Extraction for Textual CBR”. Brüninghaus, S. and Ashley, K.D. (2001). In the Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning. (ICCBR-01). Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development, (Aha, D. and Watson, I. eds.) Lecture Notes in AI Nr. 2080. pp. 74-89. Springer.
  • “Assessing Relevance With Extensionally Defined Principles and Cases”. McLaren, B.M. and Ashley, K.D. (2000). In Proceedings of the 17th National Conference of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI‑00). pp. 316‑322. Austin. August. AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA. 
  • “Toward Adding Knowledge to Learning Algorithms for Indexing Legal Cases”. Brüninghaus, S. and Ashley, K.D. (1999). In Proceedings, Seventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 9‑17. Association of Computing Machinery, New York. Oslo. June. Donald H. Berman Award for Best Student Paper
  • “Bootstrapping Case Base Development with Annotated Case Summaries”. Brüninghaus, S. and Ashley, K.D. (1999). In (Althoff, K.‑D., Bergmann, R. and Branting, L.K. eds.) Case‑Based Reasoning Research and Development, Proceedings of the Third International Conference On Case‑Based Reasoning. pp.59‑73. Munich, Germany. July. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence No. 1650. Springer: Berlin. Outstanding Research Paper Award.
  • “Case Representation, Acquisition, and Retrieval in SIROCCO”. McLaren, B. and Ashley, K. (1999) In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Case‑Based Reasoning (ICCBR‑99). Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 1650. Althoff, K.‑D., Bergmann, R. and Branting, L.K. (ed.) pp. 248‑262. Springer: Berlin. Seeon, Germany. July.
  • “Exploring the Dialectic between Abstract Rules and Concrete Facts”. McLaren, B. and Ashley, K.D. (1998) in Advances in Case‑Based Reasoning. Proceedings, Fourth European Workshop on Case‑Based Reasoning (EWCBR‑98) Dublin. September. B. Smyth and P. Cunningham (ed.) pp. 37‑51. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 1488. Springer: Berlin.
  • “Developing Mapping and Evaluation Techniques for Textual CBR”. Ashley, K.D., and St. Bruninghaus (1998) In Textual Case‑Based Reasoning Papers from the AAAI‑98 Workshop. Pages 20 ‑ 23. AAAI Technical Report WS‑98‑12. AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA.
  • “Evaluation of Textual CBR Approaches”. Bruninghaus, S. and Ashley, K.D. (1998) Textual Case‑Based Reasoning. Papers from the AAAI‑98 Workshop. pp. 30‑34. AAAI Technical Report WS‑98‑12. AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA.
  • “How Machine Learning Can be Beneficial for Textual Case‑Based Reasoning”. Bruninghaus, St., and K.D. Ashley (1998b) In Proceedings of the AAAI‑98/ICML‑98 Workshop on Learning for Text Categorization. Pages 71‑74. AAAI Technical Report WS‑98‑05. AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA.
  • “Reasoning Symbolically About Partially Matched Cases”. Ashley, K.D. and Aleven, V. (1997). In Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI‑97) pp. 335‑341. Morgan Kaufmann: San Francisco. Nagoya, Japan. August.
  • “Teaching Case‑Based Argumentation Through a Model and Examples, Empirical Evaluation of an Intelligent Learning Environment”. Aleven, V. and Ashley, K.D. (1997) In Proceedings of the Eighth World Conference of the Artificial Intelligence in Education Society. B. du Boulay and R. Mizoguchi, ed. pp. 87‑94. IOS Press: Amsterdam.  Kobe, Japan. August.
  • “Evaluating a Learning Environment for Case‑Based Argumentation Skills”. V. Aleven and K. Ashley. (1997). In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, ICAIL‑97. Melbourne, Australia. June. pp. 170‑179. Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY.
  • “Learning to Classify Case Opinions under Abstract Fact Categories”. S. Bruninghaus and K. Ashley. (1997) In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, ICAIL‑97. Melbourne, Australia. June. pp. 123‑131. Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY.
  • “Using Machine Learning for Assigning Indices to Textual Cases”. S. Bruninghaus and K. Ashley. (1997) In Case‑Based Reasoning Research and Development Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Case‑Based Reasoning, ICCBR‑97. Providence, RI. July. pp. 303‑314. Springer: Berlin.
  • “Ethical reasoning strategies and their relation to case‑based instruction: Some preliminary  results”. Ashley, K. D. and Keefer, M. (1996). In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society pp. 483‑488. LaJolla, CA. Lawrence Erlbaum: Mahwah, NJ.
  • “How different  is different? Arguing about the significance of  similarities and differences”. Aleven, V. and Ashley, K. D. (l996). In Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on Case‑Based Reasoning. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 1168. Smith, I. and Faltings, B. (ed.) pp. 1‑15. Springer: Berlin. Lausanne, Switzerland. November.
  • “Reasoning with Reasons in Case‑Based Comparisons”. Ashley, K. D. and McLaren, B. (1995) In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Case‑Based Reasoning (ICCBR‑95) Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 1010. Veloso, M. and Aamodt, A. (ed.) pp. 133‑144. Springer: Berlin. Distinguished Paper Award. Sesimbra, Portugal. October.
  • “Doing Things with Factors”. Aleven, V. and Ashley, K. D. (1995) In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law pp. 31‑41. Association for Computing Machinery: New York. College Park, MD. May.
  • “Representing Methods of Legal Analysis Imposed by Treaties and Statutes”. K. D. Ashley and S. Brueninghaus (1995).  In Proceedings of The Third  International Workshop on a Legal Expert System for the CISG, College Park, MD. May. 
  • “Context Sensitive Case Comparisons in Practical Ethics: Reasoning About Reasons”. McLaren, B. and Ashley, K. D. (1995). In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law pp. 316‑325. Association for Computing Machinery: New York. College Park, MD. May.
  • “Case‑Based Comparative Evaluation in TRUTH‑TELLER”. McLaren, B. and Ashley, K. D. (1995) In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society pp. 72‑77. Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.: Mahwah, NJ. Pittsburgh. July.
  • “Using a Well‑Structured Model to Teach in an Ill‑Structured Domain”. Aleven, V. and Ashley, K. D. (1995). In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society pp. 419‑424. Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.: Mahwah, NJ. Pittsburgh. July.
  • “An Instructional Environment for Practicing Argumentation Skills”. Aleven, V. and Ashley, K. D. (1994) In Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI‑94). pp. 485‑492. Seattle, WA. July. AAAI Press: Menlo Park, CA. 
  • “Evaluating Comparative Evaluation Models”, Ashley, K. D. and McLaren, B. (1994) In Proceedings of AAAI‑94 Workshop on Case‑Based Reasoning. pp. 164‑171. Seattle, WA. July.
  • “A CBR Knowledge Representation for Practical Ethics”. Ashley, K. D. and McLaren, B. (1994). In Proceedings of Second European Workshop on Case‑Based Reasoning (EWCBR‑94) Chantilly, France. November. Reprinted in J. Haton, M. Keane, M. Manago (eds.) Advances in Case‑Based Reasoning “Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence” No. 984 pp. 181‑197. Springer Verlag: Berlin.
  • “Using Logic to Reason with Cases”. Ashley, K. D. and Aleven, V. (1993) In Proceedings of First European Workshop on Case‑Based Reasoning (EWCBR‑93) pp. 373‑378, SEKI Report SR‑93‑12 (SFB 314) Fachbereich Informatik, Universitat Kaiserslautern: Kaiserslautern, Germany. A longer version entitled “A Logical Representation for Relevance Criteria” appeared in 1994 in Topics in Case‑Based Reasoning. S. Wess, K‑D. Althoff, M. Richter, (eds.). pp. 338‑352 Springer Verlag Lecture Notes in AI series. Berlin.
  • “What Law Students Need to Know to WIN”. Aleven, V. and Ashley, K. D. (1993). In  Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL‑93) pp. 152‑‑161. ACM Press: New York, NY. Reprinted in International Yearbook of Law, Computers and Technology, Vol. 8, 1994.
  • “Generating Dialectical Examples Automatically”. Ashley, K. D. and Aleven, V. (1992) In Proceedings, Tenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI‑92) pp. 654‑‑660. AAAI Press/The MIT Press: Menlo Park, CA, Cambridge, MA.
  • “Automated Generation of Examples for a Tutorial in Case‑Based Argumentation”. Aleven, V. and Ashley, K. D. (1992) In C. Frasson, G. Gauthier and G.I. McCalla, editors, Proceedings, Second International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS‑92) pp. 575‑‑584. Springer‑Verlag: Berlin.
  • “Toward an Intelligent Tutoring System for Teaching Law Students to Argue with Cases”.  Ashley, K.D. and Aleven, V. (1991) In Proceedings, Third International Conference on AI and Law (ICAIL‑91). pp. 42‑‑52 ACM Press: Baltimore.
  • “A Computational Approach to Explaining Case‑Based Concepts of Relevance in a Tutorial Context”. Ashley, K.D. and Aleven, V. (1991) In Proceedings of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Case‑Based Reasoning Workshop. pp. 257‑‑268. Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo, CA.
  • “Toward an Intelligent Case‑Based Tutorial Program for Teaching Students to Argue with Cases”. Ashley, K. D. (1991). In Proceedings of the Stanford Spring Symposium on Argumentation and Belief at Stanford University. March.
  • “Defining Salience in Case‑Based Arguments”. Ashley, K. D. (1989). In N.S. Sridharan, editor, Proceedings, Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI‑89). pp. 537‑‑542. Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo, CA.
  • “Toward a Computational Theory of Arguing with Precedents: Accommodating Multiple Interpretations of Cases”. Ashley, K. D. (1989). In Proceedings, Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp. 93‑‑102. ACM Press: Baltimore.
  • “Waiting on Weighting: A Symbolic Least Commitment Approach”. Ashley, K. D. & Rissland, E. L. (1988). In Proceedings, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Seventh National Conference on  Artificial Intelligence (AAAI‑88). pp. 234‑‑239. Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo,  CA.
  • “Reasoning Adversarially with Cases and Factors”. Ashley, K.D. (1988). In Proceedings, AAAI Workshop on Case‑Based Reasoning, AAAI‑88. St. Paul, MN. August.
  • “Credit Assignment and the Problem of Competing Factors in Case‑Based Reasoning”. Rissland, E.L. & Ashley, K.D. (1988). In J. L. Kolodner, editor, Proceedings of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Case‑Based Reasoning Workshop. pp. 327‑‑344. Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo, CA.
  • “Dynamic Assessment of Relevancy in a Case‑Based Reasoner”. Ashley, K.D. & Rissland, E.L.  In Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, San Diego, 1988. 
  • “Compare and Contrast, A Test of Expertise”. Ashley, K.D. & Rissland, E.L. (1987). In Proceedings, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Sixth National Conference on  Artificial Intelligence (AAAI‑87). pp. 273‑‑278. Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo, CA.
  • “But, See, Accord: Generating Blue Book Citations in Hypo''. Ashley, K.D. & Rissland, E.L. (1987).   In Proceedings, First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp. 67‑‑74. ACM Press: Baltimore.
  • “A Case‑Based System for Trade Secrets Law”. Rissland, E.L. & Ashley, K.D. (1987).  In Proceedings, First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. pp. 60‑66. ACM Press: Baltimore.
  • “Distinguishing ‑‑ A Reasoner's Wedge”. Ashley, K.D. (1987). In Proceedings Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Seattle, WA. August.
  • “Hypotheticals as Heuristic Device”. Rissland, E.L. & Ashley, K.D. (1986). In Proceedings, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Fifth National Conference on  Artificial Intelligence (AAAI‑86). pp. 289‑‑297. Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo,  CA. 
  • “Knowing What to Ask Next and Why: Asking Pertinent Questions Using Cases and Hypotheticals”. Ashley, K.D. (1986). In Proceedings Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Amherst, MA. August.
  • “Explaining and Arguing with Examples”.  Rissland, E. L., Valcarce, E. M. & Ashley, K. D. (1984).  In Proceedings, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Fourth National Conference on  Artificial Intelligence (AAAI‑84). pp. 288‑‑294. Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo. CA. 

 Invited Papers Not Refereed

  • “Hypothesis Formation and Testing in Legal Argument.”  Ashley, K.D. (2006). Invited paper. International Congress of Comparative Cultures and Legal Systems of the Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas Second International Meeting on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City. April, 2006.
  •  “Case-Based Models of Legal Reasoning in a Civil Law Context.”  Ashley, K.D. (2004). Invited paper. International Congress of Comparative Cultures and Legal Systems of the Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City. Translated into Spanish. February.
  • “Exploring an Example of Creative Legal Problem Solving:  Inventing the NOW Account.” Ashley, K.D. (2003). Invited paper for the Special Workshop of the IVR World Congress 2003 on Creativity in Legal Problem Solving. Lund, Sweden. August.
    “Law School Education and Information Technology”. Ashley, K.D. (2000). Invited paper for the 25th Annual Meeting of The Law and Computers Association of Japan. November.
  • “Applying Textual Case‑Based Reasoning and Information Extraction in Lessons Learned Systems”. Ashley, K. D. (2000). In Papers from the AAAI Workshop on Intelligent Lessons Learned Systems. Technical Report WS‑00‑03. pp. 1‑4. AAAI Press. Menlo Park, CA.
  • “Adding an Intelligent Tutor to an  Electronic Legal Casebook”. Ashley, K.D. (1998). In Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Substantive Technology in Law School and Law Practice, Stockholm, July.
  • “Evaluating a case argument tutoring program with a first year legal writing section”. Ashley, K. D.  and Aleven, V (1996). In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Substantive Technology in the Law School and Law  Practice pp. 100‑116. University of Montreal. 

 Book Chapters:

  • Hypo: A Precedent‑Based Legal Reasoner'', Rissland, E.L. & Ashley, K.D., In Guy Vandenberghe, editor, Recent Advances in Computer Science and Law, Kluwer, 1989.
  • “Arguing by Analogy in Law: a Case‑Based Model”. Ashley, K.D. In David H. Helman, editor, Analogical Reasoning: Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science, and Philosophy, Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1988.
  • “Toward Modeling Legal Argument”. Ashley, K.D. & Rissland, E.L. (1986). In Antonio A. Martino and F. Socci Natali, editors, Automated Analysis of Legal Texts, Logic, Informatics, Law, Elsevier (North‑Holland).
  • “Reasoning by Analogy: A Survey of Selected A.I. Research with Implications for Legal Expert Systems”.  Ashley, K. D. (1985).  In Charles Walter, editor, Computing Power and Legal Reasoning, West Publishing Co., St. Paul, MN. 

 Manuscripts:

  • “A Computerized Case-based Legal Assistant.” Ashley, K.D. (2004) 34 page single-spaced manuscript of a chapter to be published in a book tentatively entitled Artificial Intelligence / Information Technology for Lawyers, Lodder, A. & Oskamp, A. (ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers.